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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2017 | Volume
: 31
| Issue : 2 | Page : 119-122 |
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Profile of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients with hyponatremia
Konsam Biona Devi, Keisham Jaya Chanu, Ratan Ram, Gopinath Narayanaswamy, Ksh Birendra Singh, Dhanaraj Singh Chongtham
Department of Medicine, RIMS, Imphal, Manipur, India
| Date of Web Publication | 20-Apr-2017 |
Correspondence Address:
Konsam Biona Devi
Department of Medicine, RIMS, Imphal, Manipur
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/jms.jms_83_15
Context: In acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), hyponatremia occurs due to neurohormonal activation. Magnitude of this neurohormonal change is related to the severity of myocardial damage. Aims: This study aimed to document the profile of STEMI with hyponatremia and to evaluate the correlation of hyponatremia with Killip class, creatine kinase-muscle brain (CK-MB) level, and degree of ST-elevation. Settings and Design: A longitudinal study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital, Imphal. Patients and Methods: The study included 100 patients with STEMI. Killip class was ascertained on admission. Serum sodium level was estimated on admission, after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. CK-MB level was estimated, and the degree of ST-elevation was measured. Statistical Analysis: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 16.0 version) and Student's t-test, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Hyponatremia was observed in 44% of the patients. There was no significant relation of hyponatremia with comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. Hyponatremia was associated with Killip III and IV (P = 0.00), higher CK-MB level (P = 0.010), and higher degree of ST-elevation (P = 0.002). Out of six in-hospital deaths, four had hyponatremia. Conclusion: Since hyponatremia was found to be associated with higher Killip class, elevated CK-MB level, and greater degree of ST-segment elevation, it can be speculated that hyponatremia in STEMI patients can be a predictor of poor outcome. Therefore, serum sodium levels can serve as a simple marker to identify patients at high risk. Keywords: Hyponatremia, Killip class, neurohormonal activation, ST-elevation myocardial infarction
How to cite this article:
Devi KB, Chanu KJ, Ram R, Narayanaswamy G, Singh KB, Chongtham DS. Profile of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients with hyponatremia. J Med Soc 2017;31:119-22 |
How to cite this URL:
Devi KB, Chanu KJ, Ram R, Narayanaswamy G, Singh KB, Chongtham DS. Profile of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients with hyponatremia. J Med Soc [serial online] 2017 [cited 2023 Jun 8];31:119-22. Available from: https://www.jmedsoc.org/text.asp?2017/31/2/119/204832 |
| Introduction | |  |
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is one of the presentations of acute coronary syndromes.[1] STEMI continues to be a major health problem in the industrialized world and is becoming an increasingly important problem in developing countries.[2]
Due to neurohormonal activation in STEMI, there is release of hormones such as vasopressin, renin, and norepinephrine.[3],[4],[5] Hyponatremia is a reflection of these hormonal changes. It has been identified as an independent predictor of short-term mortality, long-term mortality, and rehospitalization for heart failure.[6],[7],[8] Therefore, the study was undertaken to assess the profile of STEMI patients with hyponatremia.
| Patients and Methods | | |
The present study was conducted in 100 patients with STEMI admitted in the Department of Medicine, Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, Imphal, over a period of 24 months from October 2013 to September 2015. Patients with 18 years and above diagnosed as having acute STEMI according to the WHO Criteria [9] and the joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF committee guidelines [10] were included in the study. Hyponatremia was defined as a serum sodium level of <135 mEq/L.[11]
A detailed history and Killip classes were ascertained for all the patients at the time of presentation. Serum sodium level was estimated on admission, after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. In each patient's electrocardiogram, highest ST segment elevation was measured in terms of millimeter. Creatine kinase-muscle brain (CK-MB) isoenzyme was estimated. Patients underwent routine investigations such as random blood sugar and kidney function test, lipid profile, and echocardiography. STEMI patients with hyponatremia were correlated with killip class, CK-MB, and degree of ST-elevation.
Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee, before conducting the study. Written informed consent was given by all the patients included in the study. Privacy and confidentiality of the patients were maintained.
All statistical calculations were performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) Windows based version 16. Descriptive analysis was expressed in percentage. Chi-square/Fisher's exact test was used for comparison analysis.
| Results | | |
The present study included 100 patients of acute STEMI. Hyponatremia was observed in 44% of the patients. Hyponatremia was most commonly associated among patients with age more than 70 years when compared to other age groups (P = 0.13) as shown in [Table 1]. The number of male patients was 65 out of 100. Hyponatremia was present in 45.7% of female and 43.1% of male patients (P = 0.79). Out of 100 patients, hypertension and diabetes were present in 33 and 15 patients, respectively. Hyponatremia was present in 42.4% of hypertensive (P = 0.824) and 53.3% of diabetic STEMI patients (P = 0.430). Only 27.3% of patients with hyponatremia were found to have high total cholesterol level (P = 0.957). Low high-density lipoprotein was found in half of the patients with hyponatremia (P = 0.859) and high low-density lipoprotein level was found in 56.8% of patients with hyponatremia (P = 0.054). Patients who smoked were 56 in number and hyponatremia was present in 53.6% of the patients (P = 0.03).
[Table 2] shows that hyponatremia was commonly associated with anterolateral wall (75%), anteroseptal (100%), and extensive anterior wall (56.2%), when compared with the other sites of STEMI. Patients who presented with or developed hyponatremia more often had lower left ventricular ejection fraction (58.88 ± 8.31 vs. 63.15 ± 6.89, P= 0.007) though data were not available for two patients [Table 3] and [Figure 1]. | Table 2: Relation between site of myocardial infarction and presence of hyponatremia
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 | Figure 1: Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and hyponatremia
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Killip class III and IV were more common in patients with hyponatremia than other class as shown in [Table 4] and [Figure 2]. Patients with hyponatremia had higher CK-MB level (115.09 ± 89.39 vs. 69.93 ± 81.56, P= 0.01) as shown in [Table 3] and [Figure 3]. STEMI patients with hyponatremia had significantly higher ST-elevation (mean 4.8 ± 2.4 vs. 3.5 ± 1.8) than MI patients with normal sodium level (P = 0.002) [Table 5]. Of the six patients who expired, four had hyponatremia (P = 0.08) [Table 6].
| Discussion | | |
In the present study, hyponatremia was present in 44% of the patients. Similarly, in the study done by Mati et al., hyponatremia was observed in 43% of the MI patients.[12] It was found to be most commonly associated among patients with age more than 70 years though the result was not significant. This insignificant result may be due to the small sample size taken in the study, which is well supported by a similar study done by Hasoor et al. where the sample size was comparable.[13] In a similar study done by Hasoor et al., hyponatremia was more commonly observed in elderly patients.
The study did not show any significant relation of hyponatremia with co-morbidities like hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia. There was no sex predilection for hyponatremia in STEMI patients. These finding are in accordance to the study done by Klopotowski et al. and Hasoor et al.[7],[13] Hyponatremia was more common in smokers as observed in the study done by Goldberg et al.[6]
Patients with hyponatremia more often had anterior wall MI, lower ejection fraction, higher Killip class, or higher CK-MB level. Moreover, magnitude of ST elevation was more in patients with hyponatremia. These are in concordance to the study conducted by McAlpine HM et al. and Goldberg et al., where similar results were observed.[5],[6]
Large sample size studies conducted by Goldberg et al., Klopotowski et al., and Tang and Hua showed a significant association between mortality and hyponatremia.[6],[7],[14] In our study, out of six in-hospital deaths, four had hyponatremia but the finding was not considered significant. This may be because of small sample size of the study.
| Conclusion | | |
Various studies had shown that higher Killip class, elevated CK-MB level, and greater degree of ST-segment elevation were associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes such as cardiac arrest, congestive cardiac failure, arrhythmias, atrioventricular block, and death. Since hyponatremia was found to be associated with them, it can be concluded that hyponatremia in patients with STEMI can be a predictor of poor outcome. Therefore, serum sodium levels can serve as simple biochemical marker to identify patients at higher risk of developing unfavorable outcomes.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]
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